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Opioid Use Disorder

Research on opioid cravings, withdrawal, brain reward systems, treatment, relapse, and opioid-related risk. This page highlights research articles from the AddictionTube science database and links each summary to the original source.

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These article summaries are meant to help visitors understand the research language around opioid use disorder. Use them as background education, then open the original article source for more detail.

Featured article summaries

Deletion of the type 2 metabotropic glutamate receptor increases heroin abuse vulnerability in transgenic rats

This article may help explain addiction science through research on opioid, dopamine, brain science, withdrawal. The source abstract begins by describing: “Opioid abuse is a rapidly growing public health crisis in the USA.”

Key finding: Low-mGluR2 expression in the brain may therefore be a risk factor for the initial development of opioid abuse and addiction.

Neuropsychopharmacology • 03 Oct 2018 • Research

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Oxa-Iboga alkaloids lack cardiac risk and disrupt opioid use in animal models

This article may help explain addiction science through research on opioid, relapse, treatment, animal study. The source abstract begins by describing: “Ibogaine and its main metabolite noribogaine provide important molecular prototypes for markedly different treatment of substance use disorders and co-morbid mental health illnesses.”

Key finding: As such, oxa-iboga compounds represent mechanistically distinct iboga analogs with therapeutic potential.

Nature Communications • 20 Sept 2024 • Research

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Compulsive-Like Responding for Opioid Analgesics in Rats with Extended Access

This article may help explain addiction science through research on opioid, treatment, animal study. The source abstract begins by describing: “The abuse of prescription opioids that are used for the treatment of chronic pain is a major public health concern, costing ∼$53.4 billion annually in lost wages, health-care costs, and criminal costs.”

Key finding: The use of extended access models of prescription opioid intake will help better understand the biological factors that underlie opioid dependence.

Neuropsychopharmacology • 25 Jul 2014 • Research

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Two doses of Qβ virus like particle vaccines elicit protective antibodies against heroin and fentanyl

This article may help explain addiction science through research on opioid, treatment. The source abstract begins by describing: “Opioid overdoses and opioid use disorder (OUD) are major public health concerns.”

Key finding: Overall, these findings establish Qβ-VLP conjugated vaccines for heroin and fentanyl as promising opioid vaccine candidates.

npj Vaccines • 28 Mar 2025 • Research

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Acetazolamide inhibition of carbonic anhydrase 4 reverses opioid-induced synaptic rearrangements in nucleus accumbens and reduces drug-seeking behavior

This article may help explain addiction science through research on opioid, cocaine, brain science, withdrawal. The source abstract begins by describing: “Persistent vulnerability to drug-seeking is driven by enduring synaptic adaptations, yet current μ-opioid receptor-targeting pharmacotherapies provide limited efficacy against these neuroadaptations.”

Key finding: By targeting a pathway independent of classical opioid receptor signaling, CA4 inhibition represents a mechanistically distinct strategy that may reduce relapse vulnerability in OUD.

Neuropsychopharmacology • 21 Jan 2026 • Research

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Insular cortex subregions have distinct roles in cued heroin seeking after extinction learning and prolonged withdrawal in rats

This article may help explain addiction science through research on opioid, cocaine, brain science, withdrawal. The source abstract begins by describing: “Evidence indicates that the anterior (aIC), but not posterior (pIC), insular cortex promotes cued reinstatement of cocaine seeking after extinction in rats.”

Key finding: Moreover, the incubation of craving results suggest that new contingency learning is necessary to recruit the aIC in cued heroin seeking.

Neuropsychopharmacology • 18 Mar 2024 • Research

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Model of negative affect induced by withdrawal from acute and chronic morphine administration in male mice

This article may help explain addiction science through research on opioid, brain science, withdrawal, relapse. The source abstract begins by describing: “Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic relapsing disorder that is a major burden for the lives of affected individuals, and society as a whole.”

Key finding: Altogether, these animal models will contribute to study behavioural and neuronal circuitries involved in the several negative affective signs characterizing OUD.

Scientific Reports • 29 Apr 2024 • Research

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Anterior cingulate cortex is necessary for spontaneous opioid withdrawal and withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia in male mice

This article may help explain addiction science through research on opioid, dopamine, brain science, withdrawal. The source abstract begins by describing: “The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is implicated in many pathologies, including depression, anxiety, substance-use disorders, and pain.”

Key finding: This commonality potentially suggests that the ACC is a locus for multiple withdrawal symptoms.

Neuropsychopharmacology • 02 Aug 2021 • Research

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Opposing mechanisms mediate morphine- and cocaine-induced generation of silent synapses

This article may help explain addiction science through research on opioid, cocaine, brain science, withdrawal. The source abstract begins by describing: “Cocaine and morphine produce similar addiction-related behaviors, but different adaptations at accumbens synapses.”

Key finding: Thus, these cell type–specific, opposing mechanisms produced the same net shift of the balance between excitatory inputs to D1- and D2-type NAc neurons, which may underlie certain common alterations in NAc-based behaviors induced by both classes of drugs.

Nature Neuroscience • 30 May 2016 • Research

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Targeted expression of μ-opioid receptors in a subset of striatal direct-pathway neurons restores opiate reward

This article may help explain addiction science through research on opioid, dopamine, brain science, withdrawal. The source abstract begins by describing: “μ-opioid receptor (MOR) was previously shown to be necessary for opiate reward, analgesia and dependence.”

Key finding: Our study demonstrates that a subpopulation of striatal direct-pathway neurons is sufficient to support opiate reward-driven behaviors and provides a new intersectional genetic approach to dissecting neurocircuit-specific gene function in vivo.

Nature Neuroscience • 12 Jan 2014 • Research

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Double Dissociation of Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibition and CB1 Antagonism in the Central Amygdala, Basolateral Amygdala, and the Interoceptive Insular Cortex on the Affective Properties of Acute Naloxone-Precipitated Morphine Withdrawal in Rats

This article may help explain addiction science through research on opioid, brain science, withdrawal, treatment. The source abstract begins by describing: “Both CB1 receptor antagonism and agonism, in particular by 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG), have been shown to reduce somatic symptoms of morphine withdrawal (MWD).”

Key finding: These findings reveal the respective sites of action of systemically administered MJN110 and AM251 in regulating the aversive effects of MWD.

Neuropsychopharmacology • 09 Dec 2015 • Research

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Sex differences in VTA GABA transmission and plasticity during opioid withdrawal

This article may help explain addiction science through research on opioid, dopamine, brain science, withdrawal. The source abstract begins by describing: “The effectiveness of current treatments for opioid use disorder (OUD) varies by sex.”

Key finding: The sex differences highlight the mechanistic distinctions between males and females that can be targeted when designing and implementing treatments for OUD.

Scientific Reports • 25 May 2023 • Research

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Interruption of continuous opioid exposure exacerbates drug-evoked adaptations in the mesolimbic dopamine system

This article may help explain addiction science through research on opioid, dopamine, brain science, withdrawal. The source abstract begins by describing: “Drug-evoked adaptations in the mesolimbic dopamine system are postulated to drive opioid abuse and addiction.”

Key finding: Maintaining continuity of chronic opioid administration may, therefore, represent a strategy to minimize iatrogenic effects on brain reward circuits.

Neuropsychopharmacology • 20 Feb 2020 • Research

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Neural bases for attenuation of morphine withdrawal by Heantos-4: role of l-tetrahydropalmatine

This article may help explain addiction science through research on opioid, dopamine, brain science, withdrawal. The source abstract begins by describing: “Severe withdrawal symptoms triggered by cessation of long-term opioid use deter many individuals from seeking treatment.”

Key finding: The anti-hypodopaminergic effects of l -tetrahydropalmatine may be related to antagonism of the dopamine autoreceptor, thus constituting a plausible mechanism contributing to the effectiveness of Heantos-4 in facilitating opioid detoxification.

Scientific Reports • 04 Dec 2020 • Research

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Cocaine and morphine induce shared and divergent transcriptional regulation in nucleus accumbens D1 and D2 medium spiny neurons

This article may help explain addiction science through research on opioid, cocaine, brain science, withdrawal. The source abstract begins by describing: “Substance use disorders (SUDs) induce widespread molecular dysregulation in nucleus accumbens (NAc), a brain region pivotal for coordinating motivation and reward, which is linked to neural and behavioral disturbances promoting addiction.”

Key finding: Our findings, and future work leveraging this dataset, will open avenues for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions, addressing the urgent need for more effective treatments for SUDs.

Molecular Psychiatry • 05 Apr 2025 • Research

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Oxycodone withdrawal induces HDAC1/HDAC2-dependent transcriptional maladaptations in the reward pathway in a mouse model of peripheral nerve injury

This article may help explain addiction science through research on opioid, brain science, withdrawal, genetics. The source abstract begins by describing: “The development of physical dependence and addiction disorders due to misuse of opioid analgesics is a major concern with pain therapeutics.”

Key finding: A novel HDAC1/HDAC2 inhibitor reduced behavioral manifestations of oxycodone withdrawal.

Nature Neuroscience • 08 Jun 2023 • Research

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Morphine withdrawal recruits lateral habenula cytokine signaling to reduce synaptic excitation and sociability

This article may help explain addiction science through research on opioid, brain science, withdrawal, genetics. The source abstract begins by describing: “The lateral habenula encodes aversive stimuli contributing to negative emotional states during drug withdrawal.”

Key finding: The authors show that decreased synaptic efficacy onto raphe-projecting lateral habenula neurons supports opiate withdrawal-induced sociability deficits, and they demonstrate a role for TNF-α signaling in this process.

Nature Neuroscience • 17 Jun 2019 • Research

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tRNA epitranscriptomic alterations associated with opioid-induced reward-seeking and long-term opioid withdrawal in male mice

This article may help explain addiction science through research on opioid, brain science, withdrawal, genetics. The source abstract begins by describing: “DNA cytosine methylation has been documented as a potential epigenetic mechanism of transcriptional regulation underlying opioid use disorder.”

Key finding: Taken together, these studies provide a foundational link between the regulation of tRNA cytosine methylation and opioid reward and highlight the tRNA machinery as a potential therapeutic target in addiction.

Neuropsychopharmacology • 08 Feb 2024 • Research

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Fentanyl-Induced Brain Hypoxia Triggers Brain Hyperglycemia and Biphasic Changes in Brain Temperature

This article may help explain addiction science through research on opioid, brain science, genetics, mental health. The source abstract begins by describing: “Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid used extensively in humans for general anesthesia and analgesia.”

Key finding: Together, these data suggest that fentanyl-induced respiratory depression triggers brain hypoxia and subsequent hyperglycemia, both of which precede slower changes in brain temperature and metabolic brain activity.

Neuropsychopharmacology • 29 Aug 2017 • Research

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Selective activation of AKAP150/TRPV1 in ventrolateral periaqueductal gray GABAergic neurons facilitates conditioned place aversion in male mice

This article may help explain addiction science through research on opioid, brain science, withdrawal, relapse. The source abstract begins by describing: “Aversion refers to feelings of strong dislike or avoidance toward particular stimuli or situations.”

Key finding: Collectively, inhibition of the AKAP150/p-TRPV1 pathway in GABAergic neurons in the vlPAG may be considered a potential therapeutic target for the CPA response.

Communications Biology • 17 Jul 2023 • Research

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